Sardinia had plenty and might be one the place where iron was first used. Also possible source of the sea people.

Jesus how did i miss that

Edit i must have been distracted googling the war of succession, that's so heartbreaking to imagine them giving her grief for her own grief

Sorry but that would only be true if iron was replacing bronze at the end of the bronze age. Yes yes but it's the end of the bronze age though right? Wrong. Bronze would go on being used as the dominant metal for 700 years, longer in some remote areas. At the beginning of the Iron age, there was barely any Iron, anywhere.

They’re attested between the 14th and 12th centuries BCE, which is a fairly broad span of time.

For more info, see The Philistines and Other Sea Peoples in Text and Archaeology edited by Ann Killebrew.

It's mentioned in the article?

>French troops marched into the Electoral Palatinate, laying waste towns, villages and fields and destroying Heidelberg Castle: “It makes my heart bleed, and they still hold it against me that I’m sad about it”, lamented Liselotte.

The Ck2 player in me felt a twinge of guilt.

She resented it judging by her letters. Not to mention that she was raised Protestant and lived at a very intolerant, if not bigoted, Catholic court.

I’d recommend reading the letters if you can find them in your language, they’re very witty and intelligent. She seemed to be quite the woman.

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Neat article. Doesn’t support your position. Britain devoted very little resources to the war against Mysore which they lost anyways. Your position is fantasy.

Sure, how about this :https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/04/the-tiger-aids-the-eaglet-how-india-secured-americas-independence/

I'd never heard it phrased the "Palatinate War of Succession". In English we include it in the wider Nine years war, right? I'd be curious to know how she felt about the French destroying her family home in Heidelberg, though many women in history probably encountered the same kind of stress

Read the whole thing and then realized there is a german version. Oh boy :D

You need to do some reading friend

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War

A hypothesis incorporating some recent archeology.

Exactly. Not at all what i thought i was going to read.

Thanks for the recommendation!

Watch Versailles. The actress who plays her is great as is the guy who plays Monsieur.

He didn't care and was utterly neglecting her in favor of a life of pleasure surrounded by courtship of followers, whom made rumors and depreciated madame. And left her with humongous debts upon his death. She also came from less intriguing/plotting use, opposite of the french viper nest

I’m by no means an expert in this time period, just going off some videos and books I’ve read in the past but I believe the nail in the reunification coffin was the war of 1812. Before that it slowly over time lost support but there was some hope the US would fall back under the British Empire even nominally. After 1812 it was pretty clear they would remain separate.

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Fascinating - what an extraordinary woman.

The Bronze Age collapse is really just guess work nothing is definitive. The Sea People narrative is mostly based off of a couple of Egyptian texts that could be used to explain why everything “collapsed,” but very few sites in the Levant show signs of actual warfare, rather many seem to have just been abandoned or burned, but not necessarily in fighting. Eric Cline talks a lot about this, but it seems that it was probably related to long period of drought that led to the collapse. We can tell that there were major droughts due to pollen analysis from soil cores, and this is corroborated by hittite, ugaritic, and Egyptian sources all discussing famine. This further would explain why the Sea People went to Egypt, as they were almost certainly Greeks leaving their homeland. We can tell this due to various things, but the major red flag is the philistine culture which appears in Palestine, because they basically pop up out of nowhere in the archaeological record using Greek style pottery, hearths, architecture, etc. they also have done genetic analysis on philistine bodies and found that they were of Greek ancestry

A great spin I read was the rise of iron as a replacement for bronze. Bronze and it’s components (copper & tin) and it’s manufacturing and trade were the underpinnings of the age. Iron is plentiful and better and cheaper than bronze, doesn’t require the specialized knowledge to make the alloy etc. And so weaker weapons and armor against the sea people who had iron and a economy in collapse.

She is "Madame" because she was married to the brother of the king still in line for succession, which was addressed usually as "Monsieur".

She was apparently feeling "miserable" because Monsieur didn't care much about her, from the text.

When Krakatoa erupted in 1883 it caused global temperatures to drop by 1.2°C for 5 years and effects in the tides and barosphere were measurable in England.

Thera's eruption is estimated to be 5x more powerful. To think it didn't have a major impact on the Mediterranean cultures seems ridiculous to me. I'm only a layperson though.

Thank you for your reply.

Citizenship wasn't developed anywhere in the world until the French revolution. I said "citizens" to use the modern term; before that, people were subjects (to a crown).

On this, the Leyes de Burgos (1512) clearly state: "los nativos son seres humanos libres y vasallos de la Corona Castellana" (natives are free human beings and subjects of the Castillian Crown), and as such had the same rights as Spanish-born Spaniards: to own property, free movement, right to a proper lodging, paid and dignified work, good health, to marry and to create a family, to nourish themselves, and even to keep their traditional indigenous customs, culture and languages.

I know rights and duties, taxes etc. changed even if you moved to the next town over (still does!), but your "fundamental" rights were the same for all Spaniards (indians and Spanish-born) in the whole realm of the Spanish (in 1512, Castillian) Crown. 300 years later, the first Spanish Constitution (1812) recognized citizenship for the first time in Spanish history, and granted Spanish citizenship to all "Spaniards in both hemispheres".