Nope. The biggest difference is that male brains tend to be a little larger than female brains (which tracks with body size). Aside from that, there are essentially no differences between male and female brains. It's also important to note that brain size has a very weak correlation to intelligence so its not possible to make any claims based on size alone.

Human brains are not dimorphic - www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763421000804

Brain mass and intelligence - www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-brain-size-matter1

But if you heat up some of these so-called elemental metals in air, they combust, releasing phlogiston, which is comprised of elemental fire. Hypothesis busted! Q.E.D.

In meiosis, there's "crossing over" in which chromosomes of the same type exchange information. The jist of it is that donkeys and horses are similar enough that their chromosomes can produce functional offspring in mixed pairs, but the exchange of information between those pairs during meiosis renders the sex cells of that offspring incompatible. It's a state of fragility. Additionally, horses have 64 chromosomes and donkeys have 62. With rare exception, mules have 63. 32 come from the mother, 31 come from the father. What's left is typically described as an "incomplete" set of genetic directions, which further impacts their ability to produce viable offspring.

A mule has 32 horse chromosomes and 31 donkey chromosomes. A total of 63 chromosomes. Normally, an organism would have two copies of one chromosome, one from the mother and the other from the father. However, for mules, they will get two different sets of chromosomes since the mother is a horse, and the father is a donkey. These genes will not exactly be matched sets, but they are still relatively similar (enough to produce the mule offspring in the first place). To reproduce, a process called meiosis will happen, in order to get one copy of each chromosome into the sperm or egg. During this process, the chromosomes will need to “match up” to another. Unfortunately, the donkey and horse chromosome are not similar enough to pair. Additionally, the mule will also have an extra unmatched horse chromosome, so sperm or eggs are unable to be made.

You made it sound like the blood would go "nothing to see here" and turn back through the arteries. I made it so people wouldn't get confused.

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>It is also worth noting that in many bacterial infections that cause fevers, some or most of the pyrogens are released by your own immune system , these are not really related to bacterial reproductive cycles in many cases in any functional way.

This is true. There are some exceptions- see Relapsing Fever. But most bacterial infections I'm aware of, the pathogen load isn't a major determining factor, but rather your immune response.

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Depends on the direction of the load.

If it’s even in all directions, the sphere. On average, I would say the sphere wins, simply due to the fact it can withstand a high force from all directions equally.

An applied force on a cube is only structurally stronger when applied directly in the horizontal or vertical planes.

I like to imagine if you ran 360 tests (rotating the sphere/cube 1° between each test) you will rapidly hit the point where a cube does not withstand the same load. It will get weaker and weaker as it gets closer to standing on its point, while the sphere will maintain the same high load consistently.

Thus, it really depends on the application/angle but again I would suggest the sphere is stronger on average.

Most of the responses here have already hit on the important parts so I'll just add a little extra.

When you sense touch, that signal is sent back to the spinal cord and then up to the brain. That signal is interpreted by your sensory cortex which has a map of your entire body called the homunculus. So when your shoulder is touched, the some of the neurons in the shoulder part of the sensory homunculus get activated which your brain can then interpret as a touch on the shoulder. Scientists have seen that the distribution of neurons is not equal to the surface area of your body parts. Just because you have more shoulders than hands doesn't mean you have more neurons dedicated to sensation for your shoulders than hands. In fact, its quite the opposite. Your hands, particularly the fingers, have a high density of sensory neuron endings making them exquisitely sensitive to touch. Your shoulder (and most other skin) has much fewer nerve endings and is less sensitive and thus takes up less of the sensory homunculus. This is why you can feel fine details with your finger tips but not with your shoulders or even the back of your hand.

Pain is interesting since there are pain sensing neurons in for both your somatic nervous system (skin, muscle, things under conscious control) and autonomic nervous system (stomach, heart, things under unconscious control). We are not very good at localizing pain coming from our autonomic nervous system which is why, for example, stomach aches often feel like a more generalized pain/unease. This phenomenon is also why appendicitis will first present like a stomach ache or cramp (autonomic pain) before eventually becoming sharp/burning pain in the lower right quadrant as the inflamed organ begins to irritate the skin above it (somatic pain).

Sensory homunculus - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549841/

Somatic vs autonomic pain - https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.1.G1

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The implication was that the branches lead to "increasingly smaller vessels up to capillaries". Not sure where else someone would think they go...

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I’m think of it like your at home plumbing system. We tie off the end of the blood vessel and it’s now a dead end. Same thing at home. When you turn off the faucet your pipes don’t just explode. The water just stops.

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That’s not how blood works. The blood at the terminal end of a clipped artery will quickly clot

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Piggybacking: There are also amino acids that are fairly basic (lysine, arginine, histidine); the properties of an amino acid (ie its pH) is largely determined by what’s going on with the amino acid itself (the actual aminal) instead of the C-terminus or N-terminus.