[removed]

Yes. Absolutely. Plants harbor a myriad of microbes on and within their root tissues. Plant roots aren't simply pipes that suck up water and nutrients - they're plant-soil interfaces that enable plants to do business with soil microbes and establish communication / partnerships with them.

It's why I always recommend gardeners NOT use sterile soil mixes when starting seeds, as many "guides" insist. Plants need an active soil microbiome to thrive. It's why I have a worm bin to provide worm compost for my seedlings - worm poop is rich in soil microbes and nutrients.

So its been a while since I have been in college. but if water is at 255 kelvin it is probably ice.

370 kelvin is pretty close to boiling for water.

So my first question is do we need to consider a state transition and the energy required for that. if not then its a matter of ratios (as they are both water). and being honest I would just use excel to figure it out. but it would be something like

(x)(255)+(1-x)(370) = 313

comes out to x = 0.49565217

in terms of engineering - use equal portions and you should have it!!

but once again. if the 255 kelvin water is ice, then you need to calculate the energy of state transition.

good luck!

Your immune system is not one thing. You have your innate immune system, which includes your primary defenses to bodily insults and injury such as coagulation and inflammation. Then there is the adaptive immune system, which is a large, interwoven, almost indescribably complex framework of different cells and tissues that respond to specific threats in a myriad of ways. Many of them are dependent on each other, but some are more removed from others.

In practical terms, a strong immune system is the result of good self care, especially adequate restful sleep. Your body replenishes its stock of circulating immune cells during sleep. Sleep deprivation induces a state of temporary immunodeficiency, which is why people who don't sleep much or sleep poorly will get sick more often and stay sick longer. It does not matter how healthy you eat or how much you exercise - sleep is the foundation of good health and without enough of it your health will crumble.

[removed]

Assuming constant heat capacities for the 2 fluids, and no heat loss to the environment we can use conservation of energy to figure this out

Definitions:

C: heat capacity (J/kg/K)

T: Temperature (K)

m: Mass (kg)

Energy After mixing: C_Mix × T_Mix × m_mix

Energy before mixing: C_Liquid1 × T_Liquid1 × m_Liquid1 + C_Liquid2 × T_Liquid2 × m_Liquid 2

We can also use the following relations:

m_mix = m_L1 + m_L2

C_Mix = (C_L1 × m_L1 + C_L2 × m_L2)/m_mix

From this we can solve for the mixture temperature, skipping the algebra and getting straight to the result:

T_Mix = (T_L1 × m_L1× C_L1 + T_L2 × m_L2 × C_L2)/(m_L1×C_L1 + m_L2 × C_L2)

In words, we can say that the temperature of the resulting mix is equal to the weighted average of the two input temperatures weighted by their corresponding thermal mass (C×m)

(E: for mixing two portions of the same liquid, the thermal capacities are equal and can be canceled. The result in that case is simply the weighted average of the two Temps, weighted by the mass of each liquid. Since liquids ~ inkompressible you could also weight them by Volume for the same result in this case)

E2: This only applies to (E3: inert) liquids mixing, as u/E_B_Jamisen pointed out, for your given temps you would have ice and hot water mixing, or ice and steam if you're more than a few dozen metres higher than sea level.

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

Your question is too broad.

That is what I am telling you.

This can be eventually boiled down to nature vs nurture (this is the crux of your question), which is largely an unanswerable question.

We know that good genetics on its own does not stand to be a perfect scenario, we also know that perfect health doesn’t work either. What I am saying is it is both in unison to provide success, and not one or the other - hence the question of which provides the largest benefit is more or less is not a useful question.

But that’s just it, we can’t answer the question about the biggest factor that makes an immune system most effective in its specific context. For example an immune system that very effectively fights off viruses and bacteria so that the human is not often sick, but also does not overreact and create auto immune disorders.

I would love to get pointed towards scientific studies or knowledge about which factors have the largest impact, for example between two healthy people, and by healthy I mean in terms of lifestyle, can specific colonizations of good bacteria cause disparities in how their immune system fight off viruses and bacteria? Can this have an impact that is statistically notable among other variables? Or are there genetic markers that make certain immune systems more effective across the board, meaning a person doesn’t get sick often, doesn’t have auto immune diseases, and also doesn’t get cancer?

The data to answer such questions would ideally control for demographic factors like age, poverty level, etc. and self-reported behaviors related to a healthy lifestyle. I recognize this is a pipe dream in terms of scientifically validated data but I am looking for any evidence that attempts to answer this question.

Not really - we know the immune system quite well, you just can’t point to any one problem based on the question you are asking.

Almost 60-70% of medicine comes down to the immune system in some form… either too proactive (lupus, MS, Myasthenia Gravis… etc.) or not good enough (cancer, infection… etc.)

[removed]

[removed]

Jane rides the crowded train to work taking orders at subway. Bill works alone at home. Jane gets a lot of colds Bill doesn't. Does bill have a better immune system? After 30 head colds over 4 years, Jane has a variety of antibodies to rhinoviruses. She doesn't get sick as often as the new hire. Does she have have a better immune system? Or a normal immune system with more training? Asthmatic smoker Jim gets COVID and dies. Healthy Joe gets it and is under the weather for four days. Is that the immune systems fault for Jim?

[removed]

This makes a lot of sense. Thanks for the great explanation!

[removed]

Thank you, that’s helpful. It sounds like it’s too complex and individualized for us to have answers beyond generalizations at this stage of scientific knowledge.

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]