Something visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions is common. C/2022 E3 (ZTF), C/2021 A1 (Leonard), NEOWISE in 2020, C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) - around one per year based on this small data sample. NEOWISE reached magnitude 1, making it visible even with pretty bad viewing conditions.

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> So I mean if you wanted to wait a couple hundred thousand years...

This doesn't even work that way because it doesn't take into account the repair mechanisms of microorganisms. Too low doses will yield such low damage that it will be repaired in time.

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Which would depend on your specific protein, and prions aren‘t that specific.

Sure globulins will be gone and other unstable protein, but since you didn‘t mention the protein.

Can just pasteurise in an autoclave as well.

No need to do 121C if you aren’t going for medical sterility. Most stuff does way earlier.

Well phosphate and protease resistant protein don‘t make up a very good growth mediums

So not much risk of colonies forming anyway.

Though got any further attempts you got stuff like propylenglykol or regular preservatives available. No use to go toxic.

Could even just use thiomersal if you still got some lying around.

But sorbic acid if acidic or parabenes if neutral to whatever if basic. That stuff works for creams that people touch daily just fine to prevent growth.

Other way round, find someone with an x ray in a lab and just use that.

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The Oort Cloud is continuous and its density falls off with distance, so it can’t be said to be at a specific distance. However there are estimates of an outer edge which place it around and occasionally beyond the Sun’s sphere of influence.

The Sun’s gravity is spherically symmetric, so it itself doesn’t exert any force to keep objects in a plane. Self-interaction of objects in the disk provides this force, through collisions or gravity. What the Sun does do is draw objects in, so the density of objects is greater nearer to the Sun, meaning there’s more self-interaction in the disk in these regions. The Oort cloud, though it likely formed in the disk, is far from the Sun and therefore underdense, so when orbits in the Hills cloud are perturbed and moved into the Oort cloud, there’s not enough self interaction to correct their inclination.

So, to answer your question: kinda, but maybe not in the way I interpreted your question to imply.

There are smaller blue stars that can still last a billion years or so, right? That would be at least 4 orbits around the milky way for instance. Though larger ones would obviously not last as long

This is an interesting take though, I've not seen sources explaining spiral galaxies evolving into elliptical ones even without disturbance. What would be the cause of the opposite for galaxies, when normal cloud/sphere orbits collapse into rings?

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This was written by a chatbot. Don't take any of what was said as verified information.

Irradiation of foodstuffs is a thing. It's probably not used as much as it should be.

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You having it backwards, disks expand to ellipticals as they use up their gas.

Forming a disk requires collisions, and stars are too far apart. The gas in young galaxies does collide, which bleeds off angular momentum, allowing the gas to form a disc, then stars form in the gas.

Those blue stars you see in spiral galaxy arms will not survive a single trip around the core. They light up the region of compressed gas from density waves.

Is it correct to think that the Oort Cloud is roughly where the sun‘s gravity is equal to the galactic gravity (i.e the sum of all the galactic influences) and is thus spherical?

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A particle's location in quantum mechanics isn't precisely defined, it's more of a bell curve. It's most likely to be in the center, but there's a non-zero probability that it could be anywhere in the universe.

This means that if you put an "impassable" barrier somewhere close enough to the center of a particle's bell curve, you end up with a significant chance that the particle could be on either side of the barrier.

This behavior is confined to the quantum scale because in order for it to happen to a macroscopic object, all of its gajillions of particles would have to tunnel at exactly the same time, making the probability functionally zero. Furthermore, any macroscopic barrier would also be far too thick to be within the distance tunneling can realistically be expected.

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