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Don’t know the answer but suspect the word “arranging” in the question incorrectly implies cells moving into position like furniture. Instead, it might be the case that all embryonic neurons are undifferentiated at first then become specialized through chemical interactions with others within distinct areas triggering genetic blueprints to make this cluster a speech center and that one a motor control cluster.

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Iodine only protects the thyroid against radioactive isotopes of iodine. That's interesting after a nuclear explosion or a major power plant accident because Iodine-131 is a significant product of them, but it doesn't do anything otherwise.

> How long would someone need to be cryogenically frozen for cosmic radiation to be a significant threat?

A short-term dose of ~100 mSv is the lowest amount where we are sure it increases the cancer risk. If we assume accumulated dose during freezing acts like a short-term dose then we need ~200-300 years to get there. Damage from the freezing/thawing process is probably still your main concern here. If we look at doses so high that they can kill you short-term then we need over 1 Sv, or thousands of years. This is assuming no special shielding in any way, and it's also ignoring terrestrial radiation sources. Normally most of the radiation dose comes from that part and people get something like 2-3 mSv/year, so we would reach 100 mSv after 30-50 years or so and over 1 Sv after a few centuries.

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>A few cycles of freeze-thaw alone will kill the bacteria fairly effectively, the problem is that it may break your glass vial and damage the protein inside.

The protein will be fine. It's already been freeze thawed a bunch of times in a plastic tube. But yes, the glass breaking is a problem.

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Exactly. I had a cosmology professor who rounded pi to 1 in estimating the average density of the universe or something

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Yes, but that again requires a fairly high dose, since bacteria do have ways of dealing with ROS that can be stepped up in times of oxidative stress.

All the objects are orbiting the system at their own path. If we sum all the rotational momentum they probably are rotating a little

A few cycles of freeze-thaw alone will kill the bacteria fairly effectively, the problem is that it may break your glass vial and damage the protein inside.

From your picture, it looks like the glass should be enough to block almost all of the radiation anyway.

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>The gm500 has two tubes right? I don't know how it chooses which one to use (probably changes after it gets saturated), but if the standart tube is something like a sbm-20 or j305 it probably picks up quite a bit of beta that goes through the ampoule, and the cpm to usv is most likely calibrated with the energy of cesium, so i think the actual doserate is lower that what it shows

I placed whichever tube was more sensitive over the sample (one of them barely detected anything). Good call on the calibration.

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The gm500 has two tubes right? I don't know how it chooses which one to use (probably changes after it gets saturated), but if the standart tube is something like a sbm-20 or j305 it probably picks up quite a bit of beta that goes through the ampoule, and the cpm to usv is most likely calibrated with the energy of cesium, so i think the actual doserate is lower that what it shows

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At that point, the sample might be outputting enough energy to actually sustain life instead of killing it off lol

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Thanks, u/_MagnumDong