[removed]

"Glaucoma patients undergoing treatment are said to have a rate of progression of approximately 0.6 dB/year, a value between that of normal visual field decay (0.07 dB/year), and untreated glaucoma patients (1.1 dB/year). "

What is normal tonometry readings for dogs? A normal reading is typically considered between 15 mmHg to 25 mmHg for dogs and 17 mmHg to 20 mmHg for cats. If the reading is any higher, your veterinarian may recommend further tests or treatment. https://okcvetcampus.com

Not sure of this is related? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176054/

Good question. The point of the nodes is to allow for axonal depolarization to hop over short distances rather than having to move along the entire length of the axon. This speeds up transmission of an electrical impulse along an axon.

Now the Nodes of Ranvier already have the highest concentration of sodium channels anywhere in a neuron. In particular the type of channel is the NAV1.6, which stands for Sodium (Na) and Voltage (V) family 1.6 aka Voltage gated Sodium channel. Importantly for your question, this is also a channel which has an inactivation gate.

Voltage activation means the channel is activated by a strong enough differential in charge across the membrane. This charge is what can "hop" between the Nodes. Inactivation happens after a sodium channel is opened. It has a plug, just like a sink drain. So, when the channel opens and lets in sodium the plug will quickly fill up the channel and stop ion flow. This is useful because it allows for an electrical signal to trigger the sodium channels in a node, allow those channels to respond by opening and allowing sodium ions to cross the membrane thus regenerating the depolarization signal, then quickly and completely turn themselves off.

The critical reason this feature is essential is to prevent retrograde flow of the electrical signal. Each Node is just as far from the next node as it is from the one before it, so the electrical signal can reach the nodes on either side of it, But we only want the next one along the axon to be able to respond to it. By inactivating the sodium channels, a node becomes very temporarily unable to respond, and it turns out that period is just long enough for the signal to traverse down the axon.

Now, there are only so many channels you can fit in a certain membrane space and still have it function as a barrier, so it's possible the Nodes of Ranvier have already achieved that. You might also run the risk of changing the speed or degree to which the sodium current activates which could change how quickly the sodium channels inactivate. This could cause leak of signal backwards, or cause inactivation so strong, the sodium channels are still turned off when the next signal comes along, and the axon accidentally misses messages.

If you average 5 years of 25x and 100 years of 1x, compared to 100 years of 1x (CO2), that's 2.25x in average.

The long term average will always be smaller than the short term one.

Methane breaks down to CO2. The discrepancy is mostly like due to one method looking at the “instantaneous” warming effect vs the warming for total time in atmosphere. Methane warm at the greater rate for 3-5 years before breaking down to CO2. CO2 in the atmosphere has a residence time on the order of a century. So, methane has the much higher warming potential (84x) by integrating its 3-5 years at 25x CO2 and then another century at same as CO2

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

One method to quantify tectonic plates is seismological analysis, which involves studying the seismic waves generated by earthquakes to infer the mechanical properties of the Earth's interior. The analysis can provide information about the distribution of stresses in the plates and the depth of the plates' boundaries.

[removed]

[removed]

Can't speak for specifics, but as a veterinarian who has a special interest in geriatric patients, I can confirm that dogs and cats do get "age-related diseases". Cataracts, osteoarthritis (joint pain), heart disease, and kidney disease are very common in cats and dogs over the age of 8-10. Breed-specific issues can shorten that time frame with the giant breeds becoming "geriatric" at 5-6 years. And as they get older, certain cancers also become more prevalent much like humans. That being said, I tell people getting older is a fact and we can't change that, but we can certainly help with the frailty of the patient. Your pet might be old, but not frail in any way, or could be significantly younger, but frailer. As your pets age, it's important to get them checked out far more frequently as a lot can change in a short time span.

And thus, we keep discussion about a few percent here or there instead of accepting that we never can be accurate in our predictions but should be looking at the overall trend. Ofcourse, we are in a bad way, the overall signs are clear. What do you do when you are driving a car.and.you see a child playing with a ball? You slow down and anticipate the worst, that the kid suddenly will cross the street. So, why do we.continue full blast with our emissions? Let's sort out the 25 issue later, just accept that it is bad and reduce. But.... We are building coal fired powerplants like crazy, we burn more wood, we keep flying long distance to our holidays and do not seem to be willing to take a serious step back... No, let's discuss about the percentages. And then what? Just continue because maybe it is 24.8? Get real, accept that we will never know exactly how it works and just like the weather predictions: live with the uncertainty but anticipate the worst.

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

[removed]

Actually climate models are doing pretty well. As was predicted by the models decades ago glaciers have retreated, sea ice declined, sea level increased, diurnal temperature ranges have decreased, increased periods of droughts, more intense rainfall, heat records being broken, altered ocean currents etc etc

All were forecast and all have now been observed. Most people saying climate science isn’t robust are motivated by political views.

"genetic" here means "ancestry"

Darwin didn't know about genetics in the modern sense or about inheritance (nobody would understand much about that for another 50 years or so; Darwin's own theories on the subject were all over the place, in hindsight) but at that point scientists did know that species were related to one another. Like in the sense that cats and lynxes are related.

so it's in the sense of phylogeny, not reproduction

Microbolometers measure the temperature change when radiation hits them, with very sensitive devices this can be used to measure the energy of individual photons - even in the infrared, higher energies (visible light, UV, ...) are easier than that.

Various x-ray and gamma detectors routinely measure the photon energy, or equivalently the wavelength.