Genetically they will be clones. Sometimes this process is called cloning. First difference will be that the mother plant, grown from seed, will have a tap root. The clone will not. The importance of the tap root will vary between plants. For some it's not an issue at all, for others it may mean less vigorous growth.

Again on cloning, some plants will naturally be able to make clones from clones indefinitely. Others will have a limited number of generations they can produce.

On the electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves have the longest wavelength (so the lowest frequency and lowest energy).

Amount of photons corresponds to the amount of energy a wave carries. Lets say white light(contains all colors in vis spectrum); you have two lights and one seems brighter. These both have the same wavelength and frequency because they are both white lights. But one is brighter because it has more photons, carrying more energy. This corresponds to the amplitude of the wave. So the brighter light would have a larger amplitude.

If a radio wave has more photos, it means its wave has a larger amplitude but still the same frequency and wavelength.

Refraction does separate different wavelengths(thus different frequencies), because waves of different wavelengths passing through another medium with a different refractive index, travel at a different speeds that causes the observed changes in direction and separation of the waves.

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Vegetative reproduction is a kind of asexual reproduction in which structures or any part of the plant is capable to develop a completely new plant, that is genetically identical to the parent plant. The writer above had an autocorrect. The majority of plants breed true, their young are reasonably identical to them. And it sounds like F1 is GMO, genetically modified. Try to avoid this. They may harm bee populations or butterflies. The long term effects are unknown.

IVF is still sexual reproduction, not cloning. There might be some odd pressures in the IVF process that reduces the viability of some genes, but you'd still expect 50% from one parent and 50% from the other.

If you're doing cloning, it gets weird. You'd expect only mitochondrial DNA from the surrogate mother. If you're cloning someone inside of themselves, you'd get a full 100% match, but otherwise you'd expect a 0% chromosomal match

I was just going to say that last part too, the parent plant is just getting laid back for winter, if you're in the northern hemisphere. Sufficient light, temperature, moisture should see it looking amazing this spring.

This is how ultrafast lasers work. You have many different frequencies that are mode locked, which basically means phase locked, to form an intense but short pulse on the order of pico- to femtoseconds. There are some built by physicists that are in the attosecond regime.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_locking

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_comb

https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-18-12-13006&id=199923

There are other devices called pulse shapers that can change the phase relationships between the different frequencies in the pulse in order to shape the pulse envelope to be gaussian or to resemble a square pulse or even make two separate pulses that have a delay time similar to the duration of the original pulse.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtosecond_pulse_shaping

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Yes, there is a speed of motion and the front end of an object will start to move before the back end does.

So let's look at your thought experiment. Imagine an extremely long metal rod in space. We know metal is highly resistant to compression and not very elastic. If you apply too much force at the front, the rod will deform. If you apply a force that is sufficiently low such that it avoids permanent deformation and that force is applied over a long enough time, and the rod is sufficiently long enough, yes, you will achieve your 10cm of compression in motion where the front of the rod will have moved 10cm before the back of it will experience any motion.

The length of the rod to achieve this effect would largely depend on the bulk modulus (resistance to compression), strength of the material (you don't want to deform it), and the speed of sound in the material (which is really the speed of movement).

Here is a great video where an experiment is created to answer this exact question. I highly recommend a watch all of the way through.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqhXsEgLMJ0

After reading this, I wondered the difference between natural birth and "Test tube" babies. (In comparison to cuttings to seedlings) Expecting to see a big difference.

Apparently it's only a 5-10% difference in gene differences, between natural birth and IVF treatment babies. Which is a large percentage... but not really.

Really off topic from your thread, and I apologise for that. But I found it interesting and hope others do to.

Also be interested if anyone in the know can chime in on this.

Radiochemist here. Tc-99m is a so-called generator produced isotope. It is a decay product of Mo-99 (half-life 66h) which is produced via fission of U-235 (around 6% of the fission products is Mo-99). Mo-99 is separated from U-235 and afterwards bound to a stationary/solid phase. There it decays constantly to Tc-99m. Due to the different chemical nature of Mo and Tc you can easily elute the Tc-99m for preparation of the radiopharmaceutical. Hospitals have these Mo-99/Tc-99m generators on site and elute them every day. As the Mo-99 decays these generators needs to be replaced after 1-2 weeks. After elution of the Tc-99m the radiopharmaceutical is then usually prepared via a kit. It is like a pre-made mix where you just need to add the Tc-99m, shake for a minute and it's ready to use for patients.

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>Is the output from that antenna a variable waveform photon, or is it multiple photons of different wavelengths being produced at once.

Not just multiple, preposterous numbers of photons are output by radio transmitters; numbers like 10^34 photons per second

The variable waveform isn't from approximating the signal with a series of sine waves like Fourier analysis. It's from changing the wavelength of the photons you're spewing out (in the case of FM), or from increasing / decreasing the number of photons you're spewing out (in the case of AM)

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>No. I don't think photons interact that way, creating the harmonics that distinguish a flute tone from an oboe.

What does this mean? The sound that we hear from an oboe or a flute consists of multiple frequencies added together.

You can certainly produce multiple frequencies of light and have them all arrive at your receiver - say the human eye - together. For example, light from a fluorescent light bulb and light from the sun.

>So can we form complex wave form light?

Depends what you mean by complex. Evanescent waves have an imaginary number in their propagation constant. So if by complex you mean includes complex numbers, then certainly it’s possible with light.

If by complex the OP simply means complicated, then I would argue that sunlight is already quite complicated. Unpolarized monochromatic light can be modeled as a sine wave with a slowly varying phase, which in Fourier space provides a small bandwidth around the central frequency which is very similar to FM radio, but of course the fluctuations are random so we couldn’t dig out some sort of audio signal from it.

Plants grew from cuttings will be as new young plants. Clones of the old plant. Depending on what was the cause of the original plant to look bad after a while, they may or may not behave the same. The old plant could be ill, or have parasites, or just suboptimal conditions for a period of time. Those don't pass to new plants. But genetics does.

Plants can be cloned indefinitely. Potatoes are clones. Most of bushes you see in the gardens.

Plants from seeds are never the same genetically. If you collected the seeds from your plant, the new plants will probably be very different from the original. If you bought seeds of the same type and variety, they won't be the same, but very, very close.

You see, many seeds are now protected from being stolen. If there is an F1 mark somewhere on the package, you know they are. It's a genetic trick. They pick two selected (very long process) plants that, when crossed (mated), produce offspring of good properties. Then they use the two plants (or their clones) to produce the F1 seeds for selling. All the plants from these seeds are very similar, and have similar genetic material, few differences in genes' versions. But their seeds in turn will have very mixed up genetic material, so the resulting plants will be quite different to each other. Reverse engineering from that is almost impossible. Even harder than starting from scratch. That's how the protection works.

Hello fellow Canadian! Mo-99 is NOT made from nuclear weapons waste. It is deliberately made in reactors or accelerators specifically as a medical product. Canada used to be one of the largest suppliers of Mo-99 in the world, making it in the NRU research reactor in Chalk River. That reactor shutdown in 2018. The Darlington CANDU plant is now equipped to make Mo-99, in addition to lots of carbon free power.

https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Darlington-ready-to-produce-medical-radioisotope

As others have said, it's not "stocked" on a shelf like many medications. It is custom made to order and patients are scheduled.

The thermally-generated (incandescent) light from the Sun is pretty much white noise, I believe, if you had an antenna ~500 nm in size to translate it in the same way we translate "regular" radio waves to sound. That's about as "complicated" as a waveform gets.

(Note that such an antenna, and suitable tuner and carrier elimination, is easily manufacturable with modern chipmaking technology. Just that there is no non-fun, economically-justifying, reason to build it, particularly the latter two parts - I believe such nano-antennas have already been tried for other purposes. [On the other hand, maybe someone like MrBeast or other mega YT influencer could fund it FOR fun!])

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