I’m not sure the endothermicity of Salt dissolution is enough to make a noticeable difference in this scenario outside of a lab, but I guess I could look it up.

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Beta radiation is electrons. They are moving through the water faster than light can move through it. That leads to the emission of Cherenkov radiation, which is mostly blue in most cases (including water).

Earth science: Is it true that the earth's core might have stopped rotating? If so, what are the consequences?

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Also, how is it that magnetic poles move, and can become inverted? And besides messing up with compasses, what would be the consequences of such a big move?

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Finally, we don't hear about the ozone layer much anymore. What's going on with that? is it fully healed?

I'm taking calculus for the first time. Why am I deriving? Why do I want to know the tangent line? Why do they keep mentioning physics terms? I'm online and not getting the why's and that what helps me learn.

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Thank you. Assuming distance wasn't a factor, like if we had reliable long-haul space transportation capability, are there spots in the solar system more appealing than Mars or Venus?

They want to know if they have reason to believe fishers. They're missing the point. This isn't a question of total heat within the cooler/ice/water/fish system. The goal is to prevent rotten fish. The fish is the only part of the system the fisher cares about.

Just like it would be super long seconds on the clock.

That is not what is happening at all. They both have same amount of ice. One has salt that improves the transfer of heat from the environment to the ice.

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For your biology question re gravity. There are actually a lot of interesting studies on this using the International Space Station. Sometimes when astronauts return to Earth they cannot stand at all due to their muscles degrading as they become disused. For bones I would think that without as much gravity they would be able to grow longer resulting in taller people. Indeed, when astronauts return from the ISS they are taller than when they left as their spine is less compressed.

How can you assume a perfectly insulated cooler? No one ever said anything about that. The answer should be about things that really exist.

This also has a lot to do with distance - relatively speaking Mars and our own Moon are very close to Earth. The moons of Jupiter and Saturn are incredibly far and the logistics of keeping people alive on those moons is beyond our current capabilities.

Even a Mars colony - a true one with humans constantly inhabiting it - would be incredibly difficult. If anything goes wrong, human lives will be lost without question. It is more likely that a Martian base would be first established as a research outpost, only housing humans on explicitly research-focused missions.

Source: I'm an astrobiology PhD (fifth year) at McMaster University.

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Yes, my last paragraph said that adding salt is clearly better. Reread the OP's question, they aren't asking what's better in practice. They want to know what lasts longer.

If we assume a perfectly insulating cooler, both methods last forever and it's a tie.

id describe it as follows: the movement (heat) of the water molecules cause them to be liquid. as heat is lost to the surroundings the molecules move slower, and eventually can "snap" to eachother due to the difference in electrical charge that is a property of the water molecule. the solid structure of ice will form and, being of lower density, in effect convert some heat into height, including the ball on top

Thank you. I would expect it to be very expensive just like making gold from mercury. It was more curiosity if we able atrificially recreate something that happens naturally to see if our theory on how things were back in the time are correct or not. I remember reading somewhere that someone put same stuff that was in primodeal soup put it in enclosed enviroment and shot some electricity through it(imitating lightings) to see if any biological stuff gets creates to see if thats how it was when earth was forming.

So that thermal energy "came from" the liquid water, and the water was liquid in the first place due to energy from the sun.

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The point of my explanation is to point out that freezing the fish quickly and solidly is the motivating reason behind using salt. OP's question is ignored here because it's not relevant and because OP came right out and said they didn't understand.

But I'll repeat the parts you seem to have missed too: The goal is to rapidly transfer a great deal of heat away from the fish. Not just quickly but also to a lower temperature.

In this system, you want to declare the marginal difference of having an internal layer of air immediately adjacent to an insulating material as a defect... but it's simultaneously an advantage with respect to the fish which is not insulated. There's a minor trade off here at best.

The heat debt from the phase change if done using sufficient quantities of ice and salt is overwhelmingly sufficient to fully freeze the fish and keep it frozen for the period of transportation. The marginal loss of heat through the insulated walls of the cooler is small enough to be considered irrelevant.

Right, but to a stationary observer wouldn’t that be a super long pregnancy?

The German chemical company Brabag was able to successfully make oil from coal in WW2 on the scale of a factory. Downside is it cost about 4x as much as simply extracting oil and refining it. Doesn't sound like much, but you could build 4 refineries for the price of that single one. Only makes sense when your nation has so much coal it's almost free and you are isolated from oil producing countries.

Then it depends on how close we need it to look to crude oil and what you need it to do.

To make a forgery to pass some legal case could be done, but it would be expensive to the price of maybe $10k - you would probably take an existing oil and add a few extra things to it.

To make a synthetic oil for lubrication is easy. We can even turn biomaterial into synthetic oils.

However, all of this is usually negated by the cost to be practical. You end up in silly situations where you have to burn half your oil to make the next batch.